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Continued ; It has been estimated that beverage consumption may provide the following amounts of caffeine per cup or average measure: coffee, 30150 mg average 6080 mg instant coffee, 20100 mg average 4060 mg decaffeinated coffee, 24 mg; tea, 10100 mg average 40 mg cocoa, 250 mg average 5 mg cola drink, 2560 mg. The maximal daily intake should not exceed about 1 g to avoid unpleasant side-effects, e.g. headaches, restlessness. An acute lethal dose is about 510 g. The biological effects produced from the caffeine ingested via the different drinks can vary, since its bioavailability is known to be modified by the other constituents present, especially the amount and nature of polyphenolic tannins.
Shortens with increasing dehydration. The phenomena of interbilayer correlations observed in the magainin and gramicidin patterns are consistent with this qualitative description
Pamidine isethionate was toxic for monkey kidney cells at both 1 and 10 g ml, and amphotericin B showed toxicity at 10 g ml. The effects of antimicrobial agents on Balamuthia amebas growing in cell-free growth medium BM-2 and BM-3 ; are presented in Table 2. Results of testing are presented as percent inhibition of cell growth compared with control cultures run at the same time. Antimicrobial agents with little or no effect included azithromycin and clarithromycin, the azole compounds, the antimetabolites trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole, and amphotericin B methyl ester. Amphotericin B was marginal in its effects. The most effective antimicrobial agents were pentamidine and propamidine isethionates, polymyxin B, and gramicidin S. Recovery from pentamidine or polymyxin B inhibition occurred after 7 to 9 days, when the antimicrobial agent-containing media were replaced with fresh medium. Thus, these antimicrobial agents were amebastatic at the concentrations tested. Amebas treated with propamidine or gramicidin S did not recover after 7 to 10 days, suggesting an amebacidal effect of these drugs. Figure 2 presents data on growth inhibition and recovery for amphotericin B, pentamidine, and propamidine. Although propamidine, gramicidin, and polymyxin appeared to be amebacidal, these antimicrobial agents are not suitable for parenteral use. Pentamidine isethionate, though it is amebastatic in the cell-free test system, appears to be the best choice as a potential antimicrobial agent for treatment of amebic meningoencephalitis caused by B. mandrillaris.
'Supported in part by National Institutes of Health Grant AM19970. 2A preliminary report was presented at the 64th Annual Meeting of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, Anaheim, CA, April 1980. |Cullen, R. W. & Oace, S. M. 1980 ; Impact on vitamin B-12 status of pectin and six dietary fibers in rats. Fed. Proc. 39: 785 |abs. ; |. 3Data are taken from the dissertation submitted by R. W. Cullen to the Graduate Division, University of California, Berkeley, in par tial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. in Nutrition. Present address: Department of Human Nutrition and Food Sys tems Management, Winthrop College, Rock Hill, SC 29733. 5To whom reprint requests should be addressed.
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In this investigation, we have examined each of the theoretical conformations separately under the assumption that a single correlation time describes both the backbone and the various side chains. This is an oversimplification for interproton vectors that involve the side-chain protons because the latter undergo internal motions in addition to the overall reorientation in solution. A more rigorous analysis of the NOE data should take into consideration the motion of the side-chain protons among various rotamers. The possibility exists that our experimental data might be better explained by a conformational equilibrium of gramicidin S among some backbone and the various side-chain orientations. Such a possibility is also suggested by a recent in.
Density gene chip analysis and high throughput protein analysis by mass spectrometry to investigate gene expression in samples from patients with aortic vascular disease and cancer. The specific aims of this project are: 1. Carry out gene microarray analysis of aortic tissue from patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms or aortic occlusive disease and normal aortic tissue. Carry out qualitative and quantitative comparison of genes expressed, to identify patterns of gene expression characteristic of each disease state. 2. Carry out gene microarray analysis of tumors excised from patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma or glioblastoma multiforme and normal pancreatic and glial cells. Compare gene expression and identify patterns characteristic of each cancerous state. 3. Use mass spectrometry to identify proteins expressed in aortic occlusive disease, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, and glioblastoma multiforme. 4. The long-term goal of the project is to elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms that cause these diseases, which should lead to development of improved treatments. Principal Investigator David J. Carey, Ph.D. Weis Center for Research - Geisinger Clinic 100 N. Academy Avenue Danville, PA 17822 Other Participating Researchers Yiumo Chan, Ph.D., Joseph Cheung, M.D., Ph.D., Farid Fata, M.D., Amy Law, M.D., Barbara Miller, M.D., Janet Robishaw, Ph.D., Larry Rothblum, Ph.D. - employed by Weis Center for Research - Geisinger Clinic Expected Research Outcomes and Benefits The purpose of this study is to identify genes that are selectively activated in several kinds of human diseases. Activated genes produce protein products with a particular structure and function. Thus, the functional state of a cell or tissue is determined by the repertoire of specific genes that are activated. New techniques that depend on information about human gene structure and function provided by the Human Genome Project plus advances in array technology and protein analysis now make it possible to determine the activation of thousands of genes in a single experiment. Two classes of diseased human tissue will be subjected to these methods: aortic tissue excised during surgical repair of diseased arteries, and tumors excised from patients with pancreatic cancer and a form of brain cancer called glioblastoma multiforme. At the present time the only effect treatment for patients with vascular occlusive disease or aortic aneurysms is surgical repair. Patients with advanced pancreatic cancer or glioblastoma multiforme generally respond poorly to current surgical and chemotherapeutic treatments. Two kinds of investigations will be carried out. One uses high density DNA arrays "gene chips" ; to measure gene activation. The other uses high resolution measurement of protein mass to identify specific proteins. The goal of this project is to use these new methodologies to and granisetron.
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Table 2.3 shows the name and descriptive letters for grading and plasticity characteristics, and Table 2.4 shows British Soil Classification System for engineering purposes and grepafloxacin
Reporting of AWP for certain products. Sanofi's 2004 20-F stated that The Department of Justice is reviewing the merits of a qui tam action filed in 1995 in federal court in Florida, which alleges that the Average Wholesale Prices "AWP" ; of certain pharmaceutical products, which are used to set Medicare reimbursement levels, were improperly established and used by API, Aventis Behring, and Armour Pharmaceutical Company in the marketing of their products. API and Aventis Behring also received subpoenas from the states of California and Texas with respect to such issues in 2000. API received a similar subpoena from the state of Massachusetts in April 2001. 666. In 2002, Aventis disclosed that "U.S. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid.
The channel durations and calculated free energy differences are presented in Table 1. Both activation and standard free energy differences are in all cases close to 0, which indicates that for these three gramicidin analogues there is no energetic cost to hybrid channel formation, and that channels formed by these three analogues thus have equivalent conformations Durkin et al., 1990 and guaifenesin.
| Gramicidin a channel02 06 2004 ; fire-extinguishing apparatus. Precious metals and their alloys and goods in precious metals or coated therewith, not included in other classes; jewellery, precious stones; horological and chronometric instruments. Paper, cardboard and goods made from these materials, not included in other classes; printed matter; bookbinding material; photographs; stationery; adhesives for stationery or household purposes; artists' materials; paint brushes; typewriters and office requisites except furniture instructional and teaching material except apparatus plastic materials for packaging not included in other classes printers' type; printing blocks. Leather and imitations of leather, and goods made of these materials and not included in other classes; animal skins, hides; trunks and travelling bags; umbrellas, parasols and walking sticks; whips, harness and saddlery. Furniture, mirrors, picture frames; goods not included in other classes ; of wood, cork, reed, cane, wicker, horn, bone, ivory, whalebone, shell, amber, mother-of-pearl, meerschaum and substitutes for all these materials, or of plastics. Household or kitchen utensils and containers not of precious metal or coated therewith combs and sponges; brushes except paint brushes brush-making materials; articles for cleaning purposes; steelwool; unworked or semi-worked glass except glass used in building glassware, porcelain and earthenware not included in other classes. Textiles and textile goods.
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LNMC-LNMC 3 X 106 ; were plated on MESF at varying densities of fibroblasts, and histamine content was measured at 5, 8, and 14 days after plating Fig. 5 ; . The increase in the histamine content in the cells was found to have a linear dependence upon fibroblast density. Moreover, there were significant differences in the histamine content of LNMC after 5, 8, or 14 days on the monolayer. The histamine production increased with the time of exposure of these cells to the monolayer and guanethidine.
DMPC and gramicidin A were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. St. Louis, MO ; and used without further purification; they were dissolved in CHCI3 at a molar ratio of 30 DMPC per gramicidin and evaporated to dryness by vacuum pumping at 300C. The dry film was resuspended in 1.5 ml H20 and incubated at 300C for 30 min to hydrate the lipid. The sample was then sonicated for 10 min at 35C. After sonication, the suspension was centrifuged at 2, 000 g for 30 min. The lipid suspension 100 jl ; was then applied to a CaF2 disk. Stacking of the vesicles parallel to the disk plane was achieved by air-drying at room temperature 24.
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Results from the 2 groups that received the growth factor as "priming, " this was due almost entirely to the group who received the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor G-CSF ; both during and after the chemotherapy. There was, however, no effect on event-free survival, disease-free survival, or overall survival, and as shown in the figure, the overall results are unfortunately reminiscent of all other trials in older patients with AML. The authors appropriately point out that most studies evaluating CSF priming also produced disappointing results, although there were some differences in study design, patient populations, and the timing and type of growth factors used. I hope that clinicians statisticians will not succumb to the highly contagious metanalysis virus in an attempt to tease out a modest difference, because such an effort is unlikely to advance our understanding of the mechanism of treatment failure or to advance the treatment of AML. It is unknown whether the biologic goal of leukemia cell recruitment was actually achieved and whether this might have correlated with response. Indeed, it is not really possible to determine whether the subpopulation of leukemia stem cells was perturbed by the stimulation or whether it continued to lie low, raising its head after the threat of chemotherapy had passed. AML is also a remarkably heterogeneous disease with new molecular markers such as FMS-like tyrosine kinase-3 FLT3 ; mutations and partial duplication of the mixed-lineage leukemia gene MLL ; and and guarana.
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Calderhead RG 2004 ; . `Not all photoscience is photothermal. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, to the Editor ; - Laser resurfacing today. Lanigan S et al 2004 ; - ` A Single-Blinded Randomised Controlled Study to Determine the Efficacy of Omnilux Revive Facial Treatment in Skin Rejuvenation'. - Lasers in Medical Science Springer ; July 2005, Volume 20 Number 1. Baxter C et al 2005 ; - `A near infrared LED-based rehabilitation system: Initial clinical experience'. Laser Therapy 14.1: 29-36. Trelles MA, Calderhead RG 2005 ; - `Combined Infrared laser and LED therapy for post mastectomy pain and discomfort: A case report'. Laser Therapy 14.1: 29-36. Morton C et al 2003 ; - `An open study to determine the efficacy of blue light in the treatment of mild to moderate acne' Journal of Dermatological Treatment. 2005; 16: 219223 Russell B et al 2004 ; - A study to determine the efficacy of combination LED light therapy 830 nm and 633 nm ; in facial skin rejuvenation. - Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy volume 7 issue 3 4. Lowe N et al 2004 ; `Pilot Study to determine the efficacy of ALA-PDT photorejuvenation for the treatment of facial ageing'. Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy volume 7 issue 3 4. Volume 3 No 4: 242. Letter and gramicidin.
Agent Daunt' s observation in 1928 that "complications might arise if a white man entered into occupation of the strip in question" has also proved true. On part of the alienated portion of the right of way, there are houses belonging to nonIndians. On another part there is the Flexlox plastic pipe manufacturing plant. This is a noxious use, situated in the midst of residential land, over which the Band has no control. The Commission heard complaints of traffic, fumes, and hazardous materials being transported through the reserve and dumped on the Flexlox site. 47 1.26-ACRE ADDITIONAL RIGHT OF WAY In 1913 VV & E acquired an additional 1.26 acres of Sumas IR No. 6, for railway purposes pursuant to the Indian Act and Railway Act. The 1.26-acre addition to the VV & E right of way was part of the claim submitted by the Sumas Band to the Department of Indian Affairs in 1984. After reviewing the facts of this particular claim, the Office of Native Claims informed the Band' s lawyers as follows: . apart from that portion of land transferred to the municipality for road purposes, the Indian interest in the 1.26 acre parcel was not legally taken, and the land continues to be legally part of the reserve have therefore been advised that, at least with respect to the land not transferred to the municipality, the Indian interest was not lawfully taken and, although the railway company or its successors ; may have some interest in the land or at least a claim against the Crown, the land is still legally part of the reserve. The Office of Native Claims is prepared to recommend to the Minister that this claim be accepted on the basis outlined above The Sumas Band came to the Indian Claims Commission in September 1993 and halcion.
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Khavioural evidence it has been argued that habituation in this snail need not be a highly complex process Cook, 1970 ; . If we are prepared to make the assumption that the experiments concerned with the electrical stimulation of nerves described above are relevant to the behavioural situation, then the following generalisations may be added to our knowlege of habituation of Lymnaea. First, habituation is specific to the nerve along which the stimulus arrives Fig. 5 i.e. it is not only modality-specific Cook, 1970 ; but also spatially specific. Spatial specificity is well known from the habituation of other invertebrates, for instance Notonecta glauca Wolda, 1961 ; . Secondly, certain repeated forms of stimulation viz. electrical stimulation of the optic complex ; involve both decremental and incremental processes and that the incremental process itself is subject to a separate decremental process Fig. 4 ; . These processes may correspond to habituation and sensitization dishabituation ; at the behavioural level Cook, 1970 ; . Thirdly, the pathway concerned in the response at the gross level of the ganglia and the connectives is response specific, i.e. the pleuropedal connective mediates the response no matter which peripheral nerve is stimulated. Verification of this pathway by a technique of anaesthetics and lesions proved only partially successful. The pleuro-pedal connective was shown to be essential for the mediation of the response in animals which were as near undamaged as possible. All those animals in which the alternative route via the cerebro-pedal connective ; was cut, died within 1 week. Consequently, one cannot be certain that the withdrawal response to light is mediated solely by the pleuro-pedal connective; it may, for instance, require the integrity of all pedal connectives. O rvations made on animals with cut cerebro-pedal connectives during the recovery period when they are normally considered to be ' ill' suggested that they were capable of normal responses to tactile stimulation. Since the pathway for electrical stimuli has been shown to be response rather than stimulus specific it is unlikely that the difference in stimuli is significant. On balance therefore, the evidence suggests that the pathway worked out for electrical stimulation is relevant to the behavioural response to light. de Vlieger 1968 ; investigated the pathway involved in an electrical response from the left pallial nerve 13 ; to a tactile stimulus delivered to the lips. He found that 'the majority of the connections between ganglia of the C.N.S. commissures and connectives ; are unspecific as far as the capacity to transmit tactile signals from the lips is concerned'. This may well be the case for the components of the withdrawal response mediated via nerves serving such areas as the mantle. The present experiments show it not to be the case for the major muscular movements themselves. Part of this work was conducted whilst in receipt of an S.R.C. studentship at the Zoology Department, Cambridge. I grateful to Mr J. Rodford who prepared Fig. 1 and to Dr M. Wells for his encouragement and criticism. The work was continued at the New University of Ulster, and I wish to acknowledge the help of Miss S. Keeley who prepared Figures 2-7 and Dr T. J. Pitcher who read the manuscript.
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Dear Sir: 0. S. Andersen 1983 ; has considered the currents carried by ions through gramicidin pores and has demonstrated that additions of indifferent electrolytes change the shape of the currentvoltage relations at high potentials as expected from the GouyChapman theory for double-layer polarization. Similar changes can be observed at low potentials and these are also consistent with double-layer polarization Hladky, S. B., unpublished results ; . Andersen, however, goes on to conclude that this polarization distorts the conductance-concentration relation sufficiently that p. 144 ; "the analysis of such data by fitting theoretical conductance expressions to the data . is subject to considerable uncertainties." Three observations are pertinent. First, for pores that are at most singly occupied and in the absence of any indifferent electrolyte, the expected effects of polarization on the conductance-concentration relation disappear in the limit of zero potential. This follows immediately from Andersen's Eqs. 34 and 39. ; Second, the conductance-concentration relation at zero potential can be determined from the conductance-concentration relation at any finite potential and the current-voltage relations. In practice, for gramicidin the change in the ratio g O ; g much smaller than the change in g 50 and the values of g 50 can be used directly with only small errors see p. 366, Hladky, 1984 ; . Third, the available experimental results for potentials below 100 mV strongly suggest that despite important effects above 100 mV the conductance-concentration relations below 50 mV have not been distorted. If such distortion were important, it would affect all permeant ions, although to differing extents, and the effects would be markedly altered by adding indifferent salt. Experimentally, there is no deviation from a simple Langmuir binding curve for sodium from 10 mM to Hladky, 1974; Neher et al., 1978 ; . Similarly, for thallium at and halofantrine.
Of a second cation if the local interaction between a bound cation and the channel wall is the same in the presence and the absence of a second cation. Note that even if the gradient is greater in the presence of a second cation, T, for a first cation is not affected because the mean residence time of bound 23Na is much longer than its intrinsic r, and the Larmor period see the Results section entitled Correlation Time ; , whereas T1 involves no contribution of the spectral density at low frequencies. Therefore, the two-identical-site model demands that local interactions between the bound cation and the wall of the gramicidin channel are dependent on the state of ion loading of the channel. This would be accounted for only if a considerable change in channel conformation occurs upon binding of cations. With more involved models, such a conformation change is not necessarily required since T1B is not necessarily different from TIub see Tables II and III and Eqs. 15 and 16 ; . Again within the framework of the two-identical-site model, the standard entropy change for the binding of a second Na + ion was much greater than that for a first Na + ion see the Discussion section entitled Binding Constants ; , also consistent with a change in channel conformation. Thus, the simple two-identical-site model leads to the notion that the gramicidin channel undergoes a conformation change upon binding of cations. Such a conformation change, however, has not been detected Wallace et al., 1981 ; . On the other hand, if we apply more involved channel models, such as two-identical-site channels involving the binding of an additional ion cation or anion ; , then a conformation change upon binding of cations is not necessarily required to explain observed data. Nevertheless, the binding of a third cation seems very unlikely for electrostatic reasons Levitt, 1 978a; Monoi, 1983 ; , and the and granisetron.
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